The scapula (scapula) is a typical flat bone, has a triangular shape, is adjacent to the back surface chest at the level of II to VII ribs. It distinguishes 3 edges: medial, facing the spine, lateral and upper; 3 angles: inferior, superior and lateral. The lateral angle is thickened and has a small, almost flat, articular cavity for articulation with humerus. The articular cavity is separated from the rest of the scapula by the neck. Above the upper edge of the cavity is the supraarticular tubercle, the site of attachment of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii. At the lower edge of the articular cavity there is a subarticular tubercle, from which the long head of the triceps muscle of the shoulder originates. The anterior, costal surface of the scapula is somewhat concave and is called the subscapular fossa, occupied by the muscle of the same name. On the back surface of the scapula is the scapular spine, which divides it into two fossae: supraspinatus and infraspinatus. The spine of the scapula, continuing to the lateral side, ends with the acromial process or acromion. On it is the articular surface for articulation with the clavicle. Anterior to it, above the glenoid cavity of the scapula, is the coracoid process. Between the acromial and coracoid processes of the scapula, the coracoid-acromial ligament is stretched, which is the arch for shoulder joint. It protects the shoulder joint from above and inhibits the movement of the articular head during shoulder abduction.
Joints of the bones of the girdle of the upper limb
sternoclavicular joint(articulatio sternoclavicularis). The sternal end of the clavicle and the clavicular notch of the sternum participate in the formation of the joint. There is an articular disc in the joint cavity. The joint is strengthened by the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular, costoclavicular and interclavicular ligaments. The articular surfaces are saddle-shaped, but due to the presence of the disk, movements in it are performed, as in a spherical joint, around three axes: around the sagittal (anteroposterior) axis - raising and lowering the clavicle; around the frontal axis - rotation of the clavicle around its own axis; around the vertical axis, the clavicle moves forward and backward. Simultaneously with the clavicle, the scapula moves on the corresponding side. In particular, the movements of the scapula occur up and down, forward and backward, and, finally, the scapula can rotate around the anteroposterior axis, with its lower angle shifting outward, as happens when the arm is raised above the horizontal level. Movements in the sternoclavicular joint are combined with movements of the acromioclavicular joint.
acromioclavicular joint(articulatio acromioclavicularis) is formed by the acromial process of the scapula and the acromial end of the clavicle. The joint is flat, multiaxial, combined.
SKELETON OF THE FREE UPPER LIMB AND ITS JOINTS
The skeleton of the free upper limb (sceleton membri superioris liberi) consists of three sections: proximal - humerus; middle - two bones of the forearm - ulna and radius; and distal - bones of the hand.
Brachial bone
The humerus (humerus) is a typical, long, tubular bone. It has a body or diaphysis and two epiphyses - proximal and distal. The body of the humerus has a cylindrical shape in the upper part, and a trihedral prism in the lower part. On the body, almost in the middle, there is a deltoid tuberosity, to which the muscle of the same name is attached. On the proximal epiphysis of the humerus is the articular head of a spherical shape, which articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. The head is separated from the rest of the bone by the anatomical neck. Laterally from the anatomical neck there are two tubercles - large and small. The narrowest part of the humerus at the proximal end, corresponding to the metaphysis, is called the surgical neck - the site of the most frequent fractures. The distal epiphysis of the humerus forms a condyle, on the sides of which there are rough protrusions - the medial and lateral epicondyles, which serve to attach muscles and ligaments. The medial epicondyle is more pronounced than the lateral one. The condyle of the humerus has two articular surfaces for articulation with the bones of the forearm. The block is located medially, which articulates with the block-shaped notch of the ulna. Above the block in front is - coronoid fossa, behind - the fossa of the olecranon. The spherical head of the condyle is placed laterally from the block, which serves for articulation with the radius. Anteriorly above the head is the radial fossa.
, scapula , flat bone. It is located between the muscles of the back at the level from II to VIII ribs. The scapula has a triangular shape and, accordingly, three edges are distinguished in it: upper, medial and lateral and three angles: upper, lower and lateral.The upper edge of the scapula, margo superior scapulae, is thinned, has in its outer section a notch of the scapula, incisura scapulae: above it, on a non-macerated bone, the upper transverse ligament of the scapula, lig. transversum scapulae superius, which together with this notch forms an opening through which the suprascapular nerve, nervus suprascapularis, passes.
The outer sections of the upper edge of the scapula pass into the coracoid process, processus coracoideus. The initial section of the process goes up, then it bends at an angle and follows forward and somewhat outward.
The medial edge of the scapula, margo medialis scapulae, is longer and thinner than the upper one. It faces the spinal column and is well palpable through the skin.
The lateral edge of the scapula, margo lateralis scapulae, is thickened, directed towards the axillary region.
Upper corner, angylus superior, rounded, facing up and medially.
The lower corner, angulus inferior, is rough, thickened and turned down.
The lateral angle, angulus lateralis, is thickened. On its outer surface is a flattened articular cavity, cavitas glenoidalis, with which the articular surface of the head of the humerus articulates.
The lateral angle of the scapula is separated from the rest of it by a slight narrowing - the neck of the scapula, collum scapulae.
In the region of the neck above the upper edge of the articular cavity, there is a supraarticular tubercle, tuberculum supraglenoidale, and below the articular cavity, a subarticular tubercle, tuberculum infraglenoidale, (traces of the beginning of the muscles).
Anterior, costal surface, facies costalis, concave, filled with subscapularis, m. subscapularis, and is called the subscapular fossa, fossa su bscapularis. The posterior, dorsal surface, facies dorsalis, through the spine of the scapula, spina scapulae, is divided into two parts: one of them is smaller, located above the spine and is called the supraspinous fossa, fossa supraspinata, the other, large, occupies the rest of the posterior surface of the scapula and is called infraspinatus fossa, fossa infraspinata, in these fossae the muscles of the same name begin.
The spine of the scapula, spina scapulae, is a well-developed ridge that crosses the posterior surface of the scapula from its medial edge towards the lateral angle.
The lateral section of the spine of the scapula is more developed and passes into the shoulder process, or acromion. acromion, which goes outward and slightly forward and carries the articular surface of the acromion, facies arti-cularis acroii, on its front edge. for articulation with the clavicle.
504 rub
sports anatomy
In an intelligible form, it explains how the human body is arranged and how its individual parts interact with each other, how bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments behave under various loads. Drawings and photographs clearly illustrate the topics discussed and allow readers to sort of look inside their own bodies. For a wide range readers.
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Human respiratory system
This book is a concise illustrated guide to anatomy, physiology, health and disease. respiratory system person. It has been written and illustrated specifically for students and non-professionals with an interest in medicine, health, wellness and first aid. The subject is presented in a clear and step-by-step manner so that the reader can gradually acquire knowledge and a general understanding of the system being described. To help the reader catch important information at a glance, the text provides explanations, diagrams, illustrations, captions, and facts. Dictionary of scientific and slang words provides definitions of medical terms in everyday language.
The book has five sections. The first section describes the respiratory system and details the mechanism of respiration. It also provides breathing exercises and describes dangerous side effects smoking. Sections 2, 3, and 4 focus on the main areas of the respiratory system, from the oral and nasal cavities and bronchi, all the way to the lungs and their associated circulation. Section 5 describes the non-respiratory functions of these organs, in particular speech. Within each section, a description of the normal structure and function of organs is followed by principles for maintaining health and wellness. After that, the main disorders and diseases that affect these organs are given. The information is presented in the form of a discussion on two pages, divided into subsections.
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Heart and circulatory system
This book is a concise illustrated guide to the anatomy, physiology, health and disorders of the human heart and circulatory system. It is written and illustrated specifically for students and non-specialists who are interested in medicine, health, physical fitness and first aid.
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65 rub
Anatomy. Illustrated atlas
Full anatomical course in one atlas:
Edition format: 21.5 cm x 30 cm.
6058 rub
lower limb. Functional anatomy. Volume 2
It is no longer necessary to introduce the world-famous in the circles of orthopedic surgeons and kinesitherapists, Dr. Adalbert I. Kapandzhi. After a long career as an orthopedic surgeon, who subsequently practiced hand surgery, he devoted his entire time to reprinting and updating the three volumes of his work "Functional Anatomy" (formerly the work was called "Physiology of the joints. The second volume of this work is devoted to lower limb and sheds light on such complex concepts as the heterokinetic cardan of the ankles and bones of the back of the foot, the concept of lower leg lodges. The book also includes a summary chart of knee stability factors, a table of lower limb nerves, and a new chapter on the physiology of walking. As in previous editions, Dr. Adalbert I. Kapandzhi independently prepared and colorized all diagrams and drawings that help to better understand human biomechanics. To date, the book has been translated into 11 languages....
279 rub
The doctrine of auditory sensations as a physiological basis for the theory of music
Readers are invited to the fundamental work of the outstanding German physiologist, psychologist, physicist and mathematician Hermann Helmholtz, in which he attempts to establish a connection between physical and physiological acoustics and musical science and aesthetics. The book consists of three parts (sections). The first part examines the phenomenon of upper harmonic tones; the essence of this phenomenon is determined, its relation to the differences in the shades of sound is proved, a number of shades are analyzed in relation to their upper harmonic tones. The second part is devoted to the study of violations of the simultaneous sounding of two tones, namely combination tones and tremors; the phenomena of consonance and dissonance are described. Finally, in the third part of the book, the affinity of sounds is considered; the structure of scales and tones is derived by the author from the results of research presented in the first two parts. A review of the various principles of musical style in the development of music is carried out, the tonality of homophonic music is examined, consonant and dissonant chords are considered, and the basic laws of voice leading are given.
Publisher's binding. The safety is good.
This publication is the result of many years of work by the scientist, student of academician I.P. Pavlov, I.T. Kurtsin.
For many years, the scientist studied the role and significance of gastric mechanoreceptors in the complex reflex regulation of the activity of the organs of the digestive apparatus.
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This monograph is aimed at physiologists, pathologists, histologists and other doctors of various fields.
599 rub
The oddities of our body - 2
The author of "Oddities of our body", the Australian magician of "oddities" - Stephen Juan is back at your service. He is as always ready to answer all your questions; give facts - from those that are well known to the most surprising and unexpected; dispel your persistent delusions about everything that concerns a person - from birth to death and from the top of your head to the tips of your toes.
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255 rub
scapular region I
Scapular region (regio scapularis)
part of the body, bounded at the top by a line drawn between the clavicular-acromial articulation and the spinous process of the VII cervical vertebra, at the bottom - by a horizontal line running through the lower edge of the scapula, a medial-vertical line corresponding to the projection of the medial edge of the scapula, from the outside - by the middle axillary line and the posterior edge deltoid. Diseases. Often there is a so-called scapular crunch during movements in the shoulder joint, which is accompanied by moderate pain and a feeling of heaviness in the scapula. Often the scapular crunch is due to chronic inflammation of the subscapular synovial bursa or exostosis of the scapula. In the latter case, surgical removal of exostosis is indicated (see Osteochondrodysplasia) .
Osteomyelitis of the scapula develops after gunshot and other open injuries of L.O., accompanied by general symptoms of intoxication and local manifestations (, dysfunction, etc.). Often there are deep intermuscular streaks, especially when spreading purulent process on the anterior surface of the scapula (see Phlegmon) .
Surgical treatment in combination with antibacterial and immunostimulating therapy. function is not always favorable. Tuberculosis of the scapula is rare and occurs only in adults. The acromial process and scapulae are more commonly affected (see Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (Extrapulmonary tuberculosis) ,
tuberculosis of bones and joints). Tumors. There are benign (, chondroma, osteoblastoclastoma) and malignant (, reticulosarcoma). The main role in their diagnosis is played by x-ray examination. If necessary, a puncture or open biopsy is performed. Treatment is operative. In some cases, with malignant tumors, it is possible to perform an interscapular-thoracic resection with preservation of the upper limb. Operations. In the scapular region, the following operations are performed: osteotomy, resection of the scapula, interscapular-thoracic amputation and a number of other surgical interventions. Bibliography: Human Anatomy, ed. M.R. Sapina, vol. 1, p. 103, M., 1986; Volkov M.V. and Dedova V.D. Children's, p. 65, M., 1972, Kaplan A.V. bones and joints, p. 162, M., 1979, Operative and topographic, ed. V.V. Kovanova, p. 4. M., 1985; Fridland M.O. , With. 298, Moscow, 1954; Chaklin V.D. Orthopedics, book. 2. with. 350. M., 1957. rear view): 1 - upper corner; 2 - ; 3 - top edge; 4 - cutting of the scapula; 5 - coracoid process; 6 - acromion; 7 - lateral angle; 8 - ; 9 - lateral edge; 10 - lower corner; 11 - medial edge; 12 - spine of the scapula "> Rice. 2. Right shoulder blade (back view): 1 - upper corner; 2 - supraspinous fossa; 3 - top edge; 4 - cutting of the scapula; 5 - coracoid process; 6 - acromion; 7 - lateral angle; 8 - infraspinatus fossa; 9 - lateral edge; 10 - lower corner; 11 - medial edge; 12 - spine of the scapula. Rice. 4. X-ray of the shoulder joint (direct projection) with a comminuted fracture of the lateral angle of the scapula with displacement of the articular cavity. Rice. 1. Right scapula (front view): 1 - acromion; 2 - articular surface of the acromion; 3 - coracoid process; 4 - cutting of the scapula; 5 - top edge; 6? top corner; 7 - subscapular fossa; 8 - medial edge; 9 - lines of muscle attachment; 10 - lower corner; 11 - lateral edge; 12 - subarticular tubercle; 13 - lateral angle; 14 - articular cavity. (regio scapularis, PNA, BN A, JNA) - a paired area of the body, allocated on the back of the chest, bounded from above by a line connecting the clavicular-acromial - I Shoulder (brachium) proximal segment of the upper limb. Its upper boundary is a circular line drawn at the level of the lower edges of the large chest muscle And latissimus dorsi back, the lower one runs along a circular line 5-6 cm higher ... ... Medical Encyclopedia SYPHILIS- SYPHILIS. Contents: I. History of syphilis...............515 II. Epidemiology .................. 519 III. The social significance of syphilis ........ 524 IV. Spirochaeta pallida ............., 527 V. Pathological anatomy ........... 533 VI.… ... VOICE LINKS- VOICE LINKS, two paired folds of the mucous membrane on the side walls of the middle part of the larynx (see), located saga talio from front to back, one above the other. Upper folds, the so-called false vocal cords (chordae vocales falsae, s. ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia I (thorax, pectus) the upper part of the body, bounded by the upper and lower apertures of the chest of the cage. G.'s bone frame consists of the thoracic spine, ribs attached to it, and the sternum. This frame is called the chest, and together with ... ... Medical Encyclopedia I Klippel Feil disease (M. Klippel, French neurologist, 1858 1942, A. Foil, French neurologist, born in 1884; synonymous with Klippel Feil syndrome) is a congenital malformation of the spine, characterized by deformation (shortening) of the neck, ... ... Medical Encyclopedia I (angulum membri superioris) - a set of bones (scapula and collarbone) interconnected acromially clavicular joint, with the chest, sternoclavicular joints and muscles that hold the scapula, and with free upper limb… … Medical Encyclopedia I Sprengel disease (O.K. Sprengel, German surgeon, 1852 1915), see Scapular region. II Sprengel disease (O.K. Sprengel) developmental anomaly: a short and wide scapula, rotated around its sagittal axis and receding from the chest in ... ... Medical Encyclopedia BLOOD VESSELS- BLOOD VESSELS. Contents: I. Embryology .......... 389 P. General anatomical outline .......... 397 Arterial system .......... 397 Venous system...... ....... 406 Table of arteries............. 411 Table of veins............. ..… … Big Medical Encyclopedia
articular surface of the acromion; 3 - coracoid process; 4 - cutting of the scapula; 5 - top edge; 6? top corner; 7 - subscapular fossa; 8 - medial edge; 9 - lines of muscle attachment; 10 - lower corner; 11 - lateral edge; 12 - subarticular tubercle; 13 - lateral angle; 14 - articular cavity ">
